Rebel and saint: Muslim notables, populist protest, colonial encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800–1904), Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
The French equivalent, marabout, ‘was used and misused through the colonial period, giving rise to considerable confusion regarding the precise social and religious identity of the marabout’ (Clancy‐Smith 1994 Clancy‐Smith, Julia A.
Clancy‐Smith: ‘In the nineteenth‐century lexicon of eastern Algeria and Tunisia, it meant “men, devoted to God’s adoration and linked to Him, who enjoy a reputation of saintliness which conferred upon them the title of ‘waliy’, friend of God“’.
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